As your Swift programs become larger, storing data in separate variables becomes difficult to manage. For example: These values all describe the same thing: a user. Instead of managing them separately, Swift allows you to group related data and behavior into custom types using structures and classes. A structure is created using: A class is […]
When an application communicates with PostgreSQL, it needs a database connection before it can execute queries. A simple application might create a new connection for every request: This may work for a small application, but it becomes inefficient as traffic increases. Imagine an application receiving hundreds or thousands of requests at the same time. Creating […]
When working with PostgreSQL, you often need to summarize data instead of returning every individual row. For example, instead of displaying every order: you might want to know: Or perhaps: PostgreSQL provides GROUP BY and HAVING to make these types of queries possible. The basic idea is: They are commonly used together with aggregate functions […]
When you start learning Swift, you first work with individual values. For example: But real applications rarely work with only one value at a time. An eCommerce app may have hundreds of products. A social media app may contain thousands of usernames. A settings screen may store multiple preferences. A weather application may keep temperatures […]
Choosing the right database can have a major impact on your application’s architecture, scalability, performance, and development experience. Two popular choices are PostgreSQL and Firebase. PostgreSQL is a powerful open-source relational database known for SQL, strong data integrity, complex queries, and scalability. Firebase is a Google platform that provides backend services, including Cloud Firestore and […]
Functions are one of the most important building blocks of Swift programming. When you start learning Swift, you may initially write code line by line: This works perfectly for a small program. But what happens if you need to perform the same calculation 20 times? Copying the same code repeatedly would make your program longer, […]
When working with PostgreSQL, you’ll often need to remove data from a table. PostgreSQL provides several commands for this, but DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP are not interchangeable. The three commands have very different purposes: Choosing the wrong command can lead to accidentally deleting more data or even removing an entire database object. In this guide, […]
Learning Swift becomes much more interesting when you stop reading about programming and actually run your first program. If you have already installed Swift and Xcode on your Mac, the next step is simple: Write a small Swift program, run it, understand the output, make a few changes, and learn how Swift turns your code […]
When working with databases, you often need to insert a new record if it doesn’t exist, or update an existing record if it already exists. This operation is commonly called an UPSERT: UPDATE + INSERT = UPSERT PostgreSQL provides a powerful and convenient way to perform UPSERT operations using: Instead of first checking whether a […]
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